Encoded tags and labels used in the field of passive labeling for product authentication; encoded tags and labels consisting of combinations of molecules and materials with multiple physical or spectroscopic properties for use in the field of passive labeling for track and trace applications; encoded tags and labels consisting of combinations of molecules and materials for use in the field of passive labeling for supply chain management; encoded tags and labels consisting of combinations of molecules and materials for use in the field of passive labeling for environmental monitoring; encoded tags and labels consisting of combinations of molecules and materials for use in the field of passive labeling for shelf-life monitoring; gas-based detection system comprised of gas sensors for measuring gas concentration, optical detectors, wireless and wired controllers, and downloadable software for use in monitoring the system; downloadable computer software application for product authentication and supply chain management.

Treatment of items, namely, affixing or embedding product authentication or tracking security devices and materials in a wide variety of products; gas-based tagging, namely, embedding product authentication and tracking devices in products to protect against counterfeiting, tampering, and diversion.