Medical catheters; medical guide wires; medical guide wire introducers; catheter tips; catheter sheaths; catheter introducers; hemostatic side-arm adapters and hemostatic valves for use with medical catheters and catheter introducers; medical apparatus systems comprising primarily of medical catheters, medical guide wires, control consoles, gas flow regulators and medical tubing; oxygenators for medical use; blood pumps; centrifugal pumps for medical and surgical use; dual lumen catheters; extracorporeal circulation pumps; medical apparatus, bloodlines for use with oxygenators and respiratory dialysis machines; carbon dioxide removal systems comprising of cannulas, hollow fiber membranes, pumps, and oxygenators; ultrasonic flow measurement systems comprising probes, ultrasonic sensors and ultrasonic flow measurement algorithms; and medical apparatus, bubble detection sensors