Computer hardware and computer software; computer software used to detect and protect against unauthorized access, modification, transfer or copying of digital media; computer software to identify and validate digital media; digital rights management software; computer software providing access control to digital media, defining and authenticating users and/or user computer hardware; computer hardware and software for copy protection security modification, anti- piracy rights management and electronic license management of audio, video and digital information; computers; IC chips; integrated circuit chips which prevents illegal copying of digitized data; apparatus for the recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images, including video cameras, photographic cameras, televisions, digital audio cassette players and recorders, compact disc players and recorders, video cassette players and recorders, video disc players and recorders, MD players and recorders, DVD players and recorders, headphones, earphones, microphones, audio speakers, radios and telephones, mobile telephones; facsimile machines, personal digital assistants (PDAs)