Electronic devices for physical access control being smart card readers and smart card readers capable of enabling authentication of a card authentication key; personal identity verification keys; cardholder unique identifier (CHUID) signatures; radio frequency identification (RFID) readers and writers; but not including electrical clutches and apparatuses for transmission of force, electrical device elements, electrotechnical appratuses, regulators, frequency converters, electrical and electronic speed regulators, or non-electric rounds-per-minute (rpm) controllers

Personal Idendity Verification card using smartcard and biometric identifiers