Microprocessors and lasers; computer hardware with recorded software for the purposes of monitoring, controlling, and stabilizing the absolute frequency of lasers based on analysis and communication with the device (s); quantum sensors based on sensing of not vapors; microfabricated vapor cells which can be integrated with micro-optics, integrated heaters and electrodes, and specialized barrier coatings; atomic vapor cells.

Manufacturing and integrating compact microfabricated vapor cells; manufacturing and integrating of containers filled with metallic alkali atoms; fabrication of containers filled with metallic alkali atoms.